Turing Machines with Atoms, Constraint Satisfaction Problems, and Descriptive Complexity

ABSTRACT. We study deterministic computability over sets with atoms. We characterize those alphabets for which Turing machines with atoms determinize. To this end, the determinization problem is expressed as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem, and a characterization is obtained from deep results in CSP theory. As an application to Descriptive Complexity Theory, within a substantial class of relational structures including Cai-F\"urer-Immerman graphs, we precisely characterize those subclasses where the logic IFP+C captures order-invariant polynomial time computation.